MOOCs: an insider’s perspective on a novel educational method with historical, organizational, participatory, and evaluative aspects
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31812/ed.610Keywords:
Massive Open Online Courses, MOOCs, personal learning environment, distance learning, online education, instructional designAbstract
This research investigates the role and conditions for the utilization of Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) in the modern educational system. The study aims to identify the evolutionary stages in the development of MOOCs, highlight the tools employed in their organization, determine the roles of the learning participants within MOOCs, and analyze the outcomes of implementing MOOCs. The research focuses on the development and proliferation of MOOCs in both global and domestic educational practices. The subject of investigation encompasses the conditions for using MOOCs in worldwide and national educational contexts. The research methodology includes analyzing regulatory acts, government programs, scientific publications, articles, monographs, and materials from scientific conferences and seminars. The findings explore the history of MOOC creation and dissemination, tracing the evolutionary transition from open content to open learning processes. The concept of a "personal learning environment" is examined, highlighting the social services involved in its formation. Practical achievements, experimental evidence, and statistical data on organizing the learning process within open distance courses are analyzed.
The main conclusions and recommendations emphasize that MOOCs represent a new and underexplored method of education, incorporating novel approaches and social services that are constantly evolving. Successful implementation requires addressing key issues such as selecting and evaluating open content, assisting students in organizing activities with open content, and more. Additionally, broader questions arise, including the suitability of certain subjects for open distance courses, the integration of MOOCs into traditional teaching approaches, and the necessary pedagogical skills for conducting open distance courses.
Downloads
References
Vebinary konferentsii “Dystantsiina osvita Ukrainy” UkrEL 2011 (2011), URL http://web.archive.org/web/20120228115056/http://community.khadi.kharkov.ua/elearning2011/index.php/vebinarykonf
Plenarnoe zasedanie 31 ianvaria, 10-00 – 12-00 (Feb 2012), URL http://web.archive.org/web/20160401174422/http://dl.kharkiv.edu/mod/resource/view.php?id=11229
The Role of Content Curator in Social Media Marketing (Mar 2012), URL http://web.archive.org/web/20120305202046/http://www.kpd-i.com/kpdi/post/the-role-of-content-curator-in-social-media-marketing/
The Next Generation of OpenCourseWare is Here! (Apr 2022), URL https://www.ocw-openmatters.org/2022/04/07/the-next-generation-of-opencourseware-is-here
Worldwide CDIO Initiative (2023), URL http://cdio.org/
ABET: Criteria for Accrediting Engineering Programs, 2022 – 2023 (2023), URL https://www.abet.org/accreditation/accreditation-criteria/criteria-for-accrediting-engineering-programs-2022-2023/
Anderson, K.: What is the Tin Can API? (Jun 2023), URL https://www.proprofstraining.com/blog/beginners-guide-to-tin-can-api/
Anderson, T., Dron, J.: Three generations of distance education pedagogy. The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning 12(3), 80–97 (Mar 2011), https://doi.org/10.19173/irrodl.v12i3.890 DOI: https://doi.org/10.19173/irrodl.v12i3.890
Attwell, G.: Personal Learning Environments and Vygotsky (Apr 2010), URL http://www.pontydysgu.org/2010/04/personal-learning-environments-and-vygotsky/
Barseghian, T.: 28 Creative Ideas for Teaching with Twitter (Jul 2011), URL http://web.archive.org/web/20110711184111/http://mindshift.kqed.org/2011/07/28-creative-ideas-for-teaching-with-twitter/
Bates, T.: What’s right and what’s wrong about Coursera-style MOOCs (Aug 2012), URL https://www.tonybates.ca/2012/08/05/whats-right-and-whats-wrong-about-coursera-style-moocs/
Bersin, J.: Making Rapid E-Learning Work (Jun 2005), URL https://www.chieflearningofficer.com/2005/06/29/making-rapid-e-learning-work/
Bersin, J.: From E-Learning to We-Learning & m-Learning: Understanting the Mobile and Social Learning Marketplace (Oct 2011), URL https://www.slideshare.net/jbersin/mobile-and-informal-learning-trends-for-2012
Burov, O.: Design features of the synthetic learning environment. Educational Technology Quarterly 2021(4), 689–700 (Dec 2021), https://doi.org/10.55056/etq.43 DOI: https://doi.org/10.55056/etq.43
Bykov, V.Y.: Revitalizing education through the integration of cloud technologies. Educational Dimension 8, 143–167 (Jun 2023), https://doi.org/10.31812/ed.598 DOI: https://doi.org/10.31812/ed.598
Bykov, V.Y., Kukharenko, V.M., Syrotenko, N.H., Rybalko, O.V., Bohachkov, Y.M.: Tekhnolohiia rozrobky dystantsiinoho kursu. Milenium, Kyiv (2008), URL http://web.archive.org/web/20160401173037/http://dl.kharkiv.edu/file.php/1/Kuxarenko_PDF.pdf
Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine: Pro zatverdzhennia prohramy rozvytku systemy dystantsiinoho navchannia na 2004-2006 roky (Sep 2003), URL https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/en/1494-2003-%D0%BF
Casper, S.T.: Why Academics Should Blog: A College of One’s Own (Apr 2011), URL http://web.archive.org/web/20110429021641/www.dictionaryofneurology.com/2011/04/why-academics-should-blog-college-of.html
Chan, T., Corlett, D., Sharples, M., Ting, J., Westmancott, O.: Developing interactive logbook: a personal learning environment. In: IEEE International Workshop on Wireless and Mobile Technologies in Education (WMTE’05), pp. 73–75 (2005), https://doi.org/10.1109/WMTE.2005.16 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/WMTE.2005.16
Clifford, M.: 20 Tips for Creating a Professional Learning Network (Jan 2013), URL http://www.opencolleges.edu.au/informed/features/20-tips-for-creating-a-professional-learning-network/
Conole, G.C., Ehlers, U.D.: Open Educational Practices: Unleashing the power of OER. In: Paper presented to UNESCO Workshop on OER in Namibia 2010. Windhoek (2010), URL https://www.oerknowledgecloud.org/archive/OEP_Unleashing-the-power-of-OER.pdf
Cormier, D., Siemens, G.: Through the Open Door: Open Courses as Research, Learning, and Engagement. EDUCAUSE Review 45(4), 30–39 (2010), URL https://er.educause.edu/articles/2010/8/through-the-open-door-open-courses-as-research-learning-and-engagement
Daniel, J., Kanwar, A., Uvalić-Trumbić, S.: Breaking Higher Education’s Iron Triangle: Access, Cost, and Quality. Change: The Magazine of Higher Learning 41(2), 30–35 (2009), https://doi.org/10.3200/CHNG.41.2.30-3556 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3200/CHNG.41.2.30-35
Das, S.: Tin Can API: Technology Meets Education (Sep 2021), URL https://elearningindustry.com/tin-can-api-technology-meets-education
Davis, V.: Questioning the Future of the Open Student. EDUCAUSE Review 45(4), 22–28 (2010), URL https://er.educause.edu/articles/2010/8/questioning-the-future-of-the-open-student
Downes, S.: E-learning 2.0. eLearn Magazine (Oct 2005), URL https://elearnmag.acm.org/archive.cfm?aid=1104968 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1145/1104966.1104968
Downes, S.: Connectivism and Connective Knowledge: Essays on meaning and learning networks (2012), URL https://www.downes.ca/files/books/Connective_Knowledge-19May2012.pdf
Downes, S.: Education as Platform: The MOOC Experience and what we can do to make it better. In: Presented to EdgeX2012, Delhi, India, March 12, 2012 (Mar 2012), URL https://www.downes.ca/post/57725
Downes, S.: What Makes a MOOC Massive? (Jan 2013), URL https://halfanhour.blogspot.com/2013/01/what-makes-mooc-massive.html
Edutech: Evaluation of Learning Management Systems: Criteria (2004), URL http://web.archive.org/web/20050218111422/http://www.edutech.ch/lms/ev2criteria.php?details=1&descr=1, http://web.archive.org/web/20071107183857/http://users.kpi.kharkov.ua/lre/evaluation.htm
Fini, A.: The Technological Dimension of a Massive Open Online Course: The Case of the CCK08 Course Tools. The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning 10(5) (Nov 2009), https://doi.org/10.19173/irrodl.v10i5.643 DOI: https://doi.org/10.19173/irrodl.v10i5.643
Franchuk, V.M.: The use of cloud technologies in universities. Google services. CTE Workshop Proceedings 1, 99–100 (Mar 2013), https://doi.org/10.55056/cte.146 DOI: https://doi.org/10.55056/cte.146
Global Market Insights: E-learning Market Size - By Technology (Online E-learning, LMS, Mobile E-learning, Rapid E-learning, Virtual Classroom, Others), Provider (Service, Content), Application (Corporate, Academic, Government) & Forecast, 2023 – 2032 (May 2023), URL https://www.gminsights.com/industry-analysis/elearning-market-size
GlobeNewswire: Global E-Learning Market to Reach $457.8 Billion by 2026 (Jul 2021), URL https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2021/07/13/2262081/0/en/Global-E-Learning-Market-to-Reach-457-8-Billion-by-2026.html
GlobeNewswire: Growing at 14.6 % CAGR, The Global E-learning Market Size Will Exceed a Value of $374.3 Billion by 2026 (Apr 2021), URL https://tinyurl.com/yck6hwr7
Hamilton, K.: Instructional Design Models, Theories & Methodology: Behaviorism, Cognitivism, Constructivism & Connectivism (2011), URL https://k3hamilton.com/LTech/behaviourism.html
Hart, J.: Top 100 Tools for Learning 2022 (2022), URL https://toptools4learning.com/
Heussner, K.M.: How education startup Coursera may profit from free courses (Jul 2012), URL http://web.archive.org/web/20121122211337/http://gigaom.com/2012/07/20/how-education-startup-coursera-may-profit-from-free-courses/
Hill, P.: Online Educational Delivery Models: A Descriptie View. EDUCAUSE Review 47(6), 84–86, 88, 90, 92, 94–97 (2012), URL https://er.educause.edu/articles/2012/11/online-educational-delivery-models--a-descriptive-view
Hogue, R.J.: In search of learning objectives (#eduMOOC) (Jun 2011), URL https://rebeccahogue.com/2011/06/26/in-search-of-learning-objectives-edumooc/#comment-111
Howe, J.: The Rise of Crowdsourcing. Wired (14.06) (Jun 2006), URL https://www.wired.com/2006/06/crowds/
International Commission on Education for the Twenty-first Century, Delors, J.: Learning: the treasure within; report to UNESCO of the International Commission on Education for the Twenty-first Century. Tech. Rep. ED.96/WS/9, UNESCO, Paris (1996), URL https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000109590
Ireland, T.: Situating connectivism (2007), URL http://web.archive.org/web/20080128213804/design.test.olt.ubc.ca/Situating_Connectivism
Iyer, S.S., Gernal, L., Subramanian, R., Mehrotra, A.: Impact of digital disruption influencing business continuity in UAE higher education. Educational Technology Quarterly 2023(1), 18–57 (Jan 2023), https://doi.org/10.55056/etq.29 DOI: https://doi.org/10.55056/etq.29
James, M.: MOOCs Fail Students With Dark Age Methods (Jul 2012), URL https://www.i-programmer.info/professional-programmer/i-programmer/4494.html
Jones, J.C.: Design Methods. Van Nostrand Reinhold, 2 edn. (1992)
Kernohan, D.: Open as in door or open as in heart? #mooc (May 2012), URL http://followersoftheapocalyp.se/open-as-in-door-or-open-as-in-heart-mooc/
Kharbach, M.: The Top 10 Free Web Tools to Curate and Bookmark Online Resources for Teachers (May 2023), URL https://www.educatorstechnology.com/2012/07/top-10-free-web-tools-to-curate-and.html
Kop, R.: The challenges to connectivist learning on open online networks: Learning experiences during a massive open online course. The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning 12(3), 19–38 (Mar 2011), https://doi.org/10.19173/irrodl.v12i3.882 DOI: https://doi.org/10.19173/irrodl.v12i3.882
Kukharenko, V.: Navchalnyi protses u masovomu vidkrytomu dystantsiinomu kursi [Massive open on-line course]. Teoriia i praktyka upravlinnia sotsialnymy systemamy (1), 40–50 (2012), URL http://tipus.khpi.edu.ua/article/view/7671
Kukharenko, V.M., Rybalko, O.V., Syrotenko, N.H.: Dystantsiine navchannia. Umovy zastosuvannia. Dystantsiinyi kurs. Torsinh, Kharkiv (2002)
Kukharenko, V.M., Syrotenko, N.H., Molodykh, H.S., Tverdokhliebova, N.Y.: Dystantsiinyi navchalnyi protses. Milenium, Kyiv (2005)
Kukharenko, V.N.: Innovatcii v e-Learning: massovyi otkrytyi distantcionnyi kurs [Massive open on-line course]. Vysshee obrazovanie v Rossii (10), 93–98 (2011), URL https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/innovatsii-v-e-learning-massovyy-otkrytyy-distantsionnyy-kurs
Kukharenko, V.N., Shunevych, B.I., Kravtsov, H.M.: Distance learning expert and leader. Educational Dimension 8, 19–40 (Jun 2023), https://doi.org/10.31812/ed.597 DOI: https://doi.org/10.31812/ed.597
Lehka, L.V., Shokaliuk, S.V., Semerikov, S.O.: Exploring the quantum frontier in school informatics: a pedagogical journey. Educational Dimension 8, 112–142 (Jun 2023), https://doi.org/10.31812/ed.576 DOI: https://doi.org/10.31812/ed.576
Leuf, B., Cunningham, W.: The Wiki Way: Quick Collaboration on the Web. AbeBooks (2001)
Lewin, T.: M.I.T. Expands Its Free Online Courses (2011), URL https://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/19/education/mit-expands-free-online-courses-offering-certificates.html
Luskin, B.J.: Casting the NET Over Global MOOCs: Global MOOCs, Enhanced Media and The Media Psychology Effect (Jul 2012), URL https://www.psychologytoday.com/intl/blog/the-media-psychology-effect/201207/casting-the-net-over-global-moocs
Mak, S.F.J.: #Change11 From Digital Pedagogy to Netagogy (Dec 2011), URL https://suifaijohnmak.wordpress.com/2011/12/21/change11-from-digital-pedagogy-to-netagogy/
Mak, S.F.J.: A reflection on MOOCs – again? (Jul 2012), URL https://suifaijohnmak.wordpress.com/2012/07/14/a-reflection-on-moocs-again/
Maliukova, I.H., Radchenko, V.M.: Stan rozvytku dystantsiinoho navchannia v Ukraini (stanom na 11.02.2008) (2008), URL http://web.archive.org/web/20101005062109/http://uiite.kpi.ua/ua/about-uiite/public/singlerecord.html?tx_wfqbe_pi1%5Bid%5D=14
Marquis, J.: The Future of E-Learning is Crowdsourcing (Nov 2011), URL http://web.archive.org/web/20111103185216/www.onlineuniversities.com/blog/2011/11/the-future-of-e-learning-is-crowdsourcing/
Massachusetts Institute of Technology: About Us | MIT OpenCourseWare | Free Online Course Materials (2023), URL https://ocw.mit.edu/about/
Masters, K.: A Brief Guide To Understanding MOOCs. The Internet Journal of Medical Education 1(2) (2011), https://doi.org/10.5580/1f21 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5580/1f21
Mazorchuk, M.S., Vakulenko, T.S., Bychko, A.O., Kuzminska, O.H., Prokhorov, O.V.: Cloud technologies and learning analytics: web application for PISA results analysis and visualization. CTE Workshop Proceedings 8, 484–494 (Mar 2021), https://doi.org/10.55056/cte.302 DOI: https://doi.org/10.55056/cte.302
McAuley, A., Stewart, B., Siemens, G., Cormier, D.: The MOOC model for digital practice. University of Prince Edward Island (2010), URL https://www.oerknowledgecloud.org/archive/MOOC_Final.pdf
Means, B., Toyama, Y., Murphy, R., Bakia, M., Jones, K.: Evaluation of Evidence-Based Practices in Online Learning: A Meta-Analysis and Review of Online Learning Studies. Tech. rep., U.S. Department of Education, Office of Planning, Evaluation, and Policy Development Policy and Program Studies Service, Washington, D.C. (Sep 2010), URL https://www2.ed.gov/rschstat/eval/tech/evidence-based-practices/finalreport.pdf
Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine: Kontseptsiia rozvytku dystantsiinoi osvity v Ukraini (Dec 2000), URL https://vnmu.edu.ua/downloads/other/konc_rov_dystan_osv.pdf
Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine: Pro stvorennia Ukrainskoho tsentru dystantsiinoi osvity (Jul 2000), URL https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/rada/show/v0293290-00
Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine: Pro zatverdzhennia Polozhennia pro dystantsiine navchannia (Jan 2004), URL https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/z0464-04
Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine: Pro zatverdzhennia Polozhennia pro dystantsiine navchannia (Apr 2013), URL https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/z0703-13
Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine: Pro zatverdzhennia Vymoh do vyshchykh navchalnykh zakladiv ta zakladiv pisliadyplomnoi osvity, naukovykh, osvitno-naukovykh ustanov, shcho nadaiut osvitni posluhy za dystantsiinoiu formoiu navchannia z pidhotovky ta pidvyshchennia kvalifikatsii fakhivtsiv za akredytovanymy napriamamy i spetsialnostiamy (Oct 2013), URL https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/z1857-13
Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine: Deiaki pytannia orhanizatsii dystantsiinoho navchannia (Apr 2020), URL https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/z0941-20#n22
Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine: Pro zatverdzhennia Poriadku napovnennia vebplatformy dystantsiinoho navchannia “Vseukrainska shkola onlain” osvitnimy materialamy (Oct 2021), URL https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/z1361-21
Mintii, I.S.: Blended learning: definition, concept, and relevance. Educational Dimension 8, 85–111 (Apr 2023), https://doi.org/10.31812/ed.539 DOI: https://doi.org/10.31812/ed.539
Nelson, T.H.: Complex Information Processing: A File Structure for the Complex, the Changing and the Indeterminate. In: Proceedings of the 1965 20th National Conference, p. 84–100, ACM ’65, Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (1965), ISBN 9781450374958, https://doi.org/10.1145/800197.806036, URL https://doi.org/10.1145/800197.806036 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1145/800197.806036
Official G.S. Altshuller foundation: Ofitcialnyi sait G.S. Altshullera, sozdatelia TRIZ-RTV-TRTL (2021), URL https://www.altshuller.ru/
O’Reilly, T.: What Is Web 2.0: Design Patterns and Business Models for the Next Generation of Software (Sep 2005), URL https://www.oreilly.com/pub/a//web2/archive/what-is-web-20.html
Osadcha, K., Osadchyi, V., Kruglyk, V., Spirin, O.: Modeling of the adaptive system of individualization and personalization of future specialists’ professional training in the conditions of blended learning. Educational Dimension 5, 109–125 (Dec 2021), https://doi.org/10.31812/educdim.4721 DOI: https://doi.org/10.31812/educdim.4721
Pomohaibo, V.M.: Philosophy of successful Finnish education: (review of P. Sahlberg’s Book «Finnish lessons 2.0»). Filosofiya osvity. Philosophy of Education 23(2), 270–282 (Dec 2018), https://doi.org/10.31874/2309-1606-2018-23-2-270-282 DOI: https://doi.org/10.31874/2309-1606-2018-23-2-270-282
Pontefract, D.: The 90-9-1 Collaboration Paradox: Org’s Should Aim To Reverse It (Apr 2011), URL https://www.danpontefract.com/the-90-9-1-collaboration-paradox-orgs-should-aim-to-reverse-it/
Power, T.M., Morven-Gould, A.: Head of gold, feet of clay: The online learning paradox. The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning 12(2), 19–39 (Feb 2011), https://doi.org/10.19173/irrodl.v12i2.916 DOI: https://doi.org/10.19173/irrodl.v12i2.916
Rashevska, N.V., Kiianovska, N.M.: Improving blended learning in higher technical education institutions with mobile and cloud-based ICTs. Educational Dimension (Jul 2023), https://doi.org/10.31812/ed.608 DOI: https://doi.org/10.31812/ed.608
Renshaw, L.: #change11 teacher roles and MOOC (Mar 2012), URL https://moocblogcalendar.wordpress.com/2012/03/19/change11-teacher-roles-and-mooc/
Roscorla, T.: Massively Open Online Courses Are ‘Here to Stay’ (Jul 2012), URL http://web.archive.org/web/20120722033734/www.convergemag.com/policy/MOOCs-Here-to-Stay.html
Rubens, N., Kaplan, D., Okamoto, T.: E-Learning 3.0: Anyone, Anywhere, Anytime, and AI. In: Chiu, D.K.W., Wang, M., Popescu, E., Li, Q., Lau, R. (eds.) New Horizons in Web Based Learning, pp. 171–180, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, Heidelberg (2014), ISBN 978-3-662-43454-3, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-43454-3_18 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-43454-3_18
Rustici Software LLC: What is xAPI aka the Experience API or Tin Can API (2023), URL https://xapi.com/overview
Schulmeister, R.: Students, Internet, eLearning and Web 2.0 (2010), URL http://web.archive.org/web/20150318030245if_/http://www.zhw.uni-hamburg.de/uploads/students-and-internet-2-0.pdf
Shapovalov, Y.B., Shapovalov, V.B., Tarasenko, R.A., Usenko, S.A., Paschke, A.: A semantic structuring of educational research using ontologies. CTE Workshop Proceedings 8, 105–123 (Mar 2021), https://doi.org/10.55056/cte.219 DOI: https://doi.org/10.55056/cte.219
Siemens, G.: Connectivism: A Learning Theory for the Digital Age. International Journal of Instructional Technology and Distance Learning 2(1) (2005), URL http://www.itdl.org/Journal/Jan_05/article01.htm
Siemens, G.: What is Connectivism? (Sep 2009), URL https://docs.google.com/document/pub?id=14pKVP0_ILdPty6MGMJW8eQVEY1zibZ0RpQ2C0cePIgc
Siemens, G.: Reflections on open courses (Aug 2010), URL http://web.archive.org/web/20100824145829/http://www.connectivism.ca/?p=267
Siemens, G.: Researching open online courses (Jul 2011), URL http://web.archive.org/web/20110719133242/www.elearnspace.org/blog/2011/07/04/researching-open-online-courses/
Siemens, G.: MOOCs are really a platform (Jul 2012), URL http://web.archive.org/web/20120731023336/www.elearnspace.org/blog/2012/07/25/moocs-are-really-a-platform/
Stager, G.: Why Teachers Don’t Use Web 2.0 - an historical perspective (Sep 2007), URL http://www.stager.org/blog/2007/09/why-teachers-don-use-web-20-historical.html
Stevenson, D.: #change11 MOOC- The recent discussions about MOOCs (Mar 2012), URL http://learning-aworkinprogress.blogspot.com/2012/03/change11-mooc-recent-discussions-about.html
Stommel, J.: The March of the MOOCs: Monstrous Open Online Courses. In: An Urgency of Teachers: the Work of Critical Digital Pedagogy, Pressbooks (Sep 2018), URL https://pressbooks.pub/criticaldigitalpedagogy/chapter/the-march-of-the-moocs-monstrous-open-online-courses/
The eLearning Guild: The Rapid e-Learning Research Report 2006 (2006), URL http://web.archive.org/web/20120303002401/www.elearningguild.com/research/archives/index.cfm?id=106&action=viewonly
Topor, D.R., Budson, A.E.: Twelve tips to present an effective webinar. Medical Teacher 42(11), 1216–1220 (2020), https://doi.org/10.1080/0142159X.2020.1775185 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/0142159X.2020.1775185
Vedder, R.: For Many, College Isn’t Worth It (Jan 2011), URL https://www.insidehighered.com/views/2011/01/20/many-college-isnt-worth-it
de Waard, I.: MobiMOOC: a community MOOC on mobile learning (Mar 2019), URL https://www.slideshare.net/ignatia/mobimooc-design-of-a-community-mooc
de Waard, I., Abajian, S., Gallagher, M.S., Hogue, R., Keskin, N., Koutropoulos, A., Rodriguez, O.C.: Using mLearning and MOOCs to understand chaos, emergence, and complexity in education. The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning 12(7), 94–115 (Nov 2011), https://doi.org/10.19173/irrodl.v12i7.1046 DOI: https://doi.org/10.19173/irrodl.v12i7.1046
Watters, A.: Coursera, the Other Stanford MOOC Startup, Officially Launches with More Poetry Classes, Fewer Robo-Graders (Apr 2012), URL https://hackeducation.com/2012/04/18/coursera
Wenger, E., McDermott, R., Snyder, W.M.: Cultivating Communities of Practice: A Guide to Managing Knowledge (2002)
Wheeler, S.: Seven reasons teachers should blog (Jul 2011), URL http://steve-wheeler.blogspot.com/2011/07/seven-reasons-teachers-should-blog.html
White, N.: Developing Future Workskills Through Content Curation (Jul 2012), URL https://nancyweducationinnovations.wordpress.com/2012/07/27/developing-future-workskills-through-content-curation/
Willeke, M.H.: Connectivism: A Digital Social Learning Theory (Jan 2011), URL http://web.archive.org/web/20220812115125/http://www.mhwilleke.com/connectivism-a-digital-social-learning-theory
Wilson, L.: Why content curator is not editor (Mar 2012), URL http://web.archive.org/web/20120311025436/http://community.paper.li/2012/03/07/why-a-content-curator-is-not-an-editor/
Winner, A.: An Introduction To Tin Can API (Aug 2014), URL https://elearningindustry.com/introduction-tin-can-api
Downloads
Submitted
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Vladimir N. Kukharenko
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
Accepted 2023-06-23
Published 2023-07-14
