Pedagogical professionalism and its implication in educational accountability
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.55056/ed.861Keywords:
educational accountability, pedagogical professionalism, teaching profession, teaching and learning, pupils' learningAbstract
This study intended to explore pedagogical professionalism and its implications for educational accountability. This was a qualitative study employing an exploratory case study design, and it involved two (2) educational officials, 10 headteachers, six (6) school committee members, and 90 classroom teachers, with 108 participants in total. Data was collected through interviews, Focus Group Discussions (FGDs), open-ended questionnaires, and documentary review and was analysed through tables, frequencies, percentages, and semantic analysis. The findings indicate that teachers stood against being accountable to the school committees, as its members constituted people outside the teaching profession. The findings also indicate that teachers preferred to be supervised by headteachers, School Quality (SQ) assurers, and Ward Education Officers (WEOs) as they belong to the same profession. However, it was found that these professionals concentrated on checking the schemes of work, lesson plans, subject logbooks, and pupils' exercise books without helping the teacher in the classroom, which could have been the added value from professional expertise. It is argued that if teachers are to be accountable and improve pupils' learning, headteachers, SQ assurers, and WEOs have to help them in the classroom, and outsiders from the profession may be consulted if they are to facilitate the environment from which teachers as professionals can be accountable for pupils' learning.
Downloads
References
Aakre, B.M., Ito, T. and Kato, T., 2014. Pedagogical Professionalism and Professionalization in Norway and Japan. (Working paper). Available from: https://nordopen.nord.no/nord-xmlui/handle/11250/217031.
Ball, S.J., 2003. The teacher’s soul and the terrors of performativity. Journal of Education Policy, 18(2), pp.215–228. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/0268093022000043065.
Beaton, G.R., 2022. Why Professionalism Matters More Than Ever. Australian Council of Professions. Available from: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4196212.
Brown, P. and Lauder, H., 2006. Globalisation, knowledge and the myth of the magnet economy. Globalisation, Societies and Education, 4(1), pp.25–57. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/14767720600555046.
Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, 2010. 2009 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - Tanzania. Available from: https://www.refworld.org/reference/annualreport/usdos/2010/en/72347.
Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, 2011. 2010 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - Tanzania. Available from: https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2010/af/154373.htm.
Creasy, K.L., 2015. Defining Professionalism in Teacher Education Programmes. Journal of Education & Social Policy, 2(2), pp.23–25. Available from: https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED563997.
Demirkasımoğlu, N., 2010. Defining “Teacher Professionalism” from different perspectives. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 9, pp.2047–2051. World Conference on Learning, Teaching and Administration Papers. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.12.444.
Ehren, M.C.M. and Visscher, A.J., 2008. The relationships between school inspections, school characteristics and school improvement. British Journal of Educational Studies, 56(2), pp.205–227. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8527.2008.00400.x.
Gaynor, C., 1998. Decentralization of education - teacher management (English). (Directions in development). Washington, DC: The World Bank. Available from: http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/687011468739325724.
Gluzman, N.A., Sibgatullina, T.V., Galushkin, A.A. and Sharonov, I.A., 2018. Forming the Basics of Future Mathematics Teachers’ Professionalism by Means of Multimedia Technologies. EURASIA Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 14(5), pp.1621–1633. Available from: https://doi.org/10.29333/ejmste/85034.
Guerriero, S., ed., 2017. Pedagogical Knowledge and the Changing Nature of the Teaching Profession, Educational Research and Innovation. Paris: OECD Publishing. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264270695-en.
Gupta, G., 2021. Pedagogy in Theory and Practice. LEARNing Landscapes, 14(1), pp.143–151. Available from: https://doi.org/10.36510/learnland.v14i1.1030.
Hargreaves, A., 1994. Development and Desire: A Postmodern Perspective. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association (New Orleans, LA, April 4-8, 1994). Available from: https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED372057.
Hargreaves, A., 2000. Four Ages of Professionalism and Professional Learning. Teachers and Teaching, 6(2), pp.151–182. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/713698714.
Jaffer, K., 2010. School inspection and supervision in Pakistan: Approaches and issues. PROSPECTS, 40(3), pp.375–392. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11125-010-9163-5.
Kasuga, W., 2019. Teaching Profession in Tanzania: Unequal Profession among the Equal Professions. International Journal of Recent Innovations in Academic Research, 3(4), pp.86–106. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332523932.
Khanh, M.Q., Tinh, T.T., Giang, T.T., Hong, N.T.T., Kien, P.T. and Quang, N.V., 2021. The process of forming students’ pedagogical professionalism: A case study at Hanoi National University of Education in Vietnam. Linguistics and Culture Review, 5(S3), pp.704–712. Available from: https://doi.org/10.21744/lingcure.v5nS3.1531.
Kogan, M., 1978. The Politics of Educational Change. London: Fontana. Available from: https://archive.org/details/politicsofeducat0000koga.
Komba, A.A., 2017. Educational Accountability Relationships and Students’ Learning Outcomes in Tanzania’s Public Schools. SAGE Open, 7(3), p.2158244017725795. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244017725795.
Komba, S.C. and Mwakabenga, R.J., 2019. Teacher Professional Development in Tanzania: Challenges and Opportunities. In: H. Şenol, ed. Educational Leadership. Rijeka: IntechOpen, chap. 3. Available from: https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.90564.
Kristiansen, K.H., Valeur-Meller, M.A., Dombrowski, L. and Holten Moller, N.L., 2018. Accountability in the Blue-Collar Data-Driven Workplace. Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery, CHI ’18, p.1–12. https://par.nsf.gov/servlets/purl/10067179, Available from: https://doi.org/10.1145/3173574.3173906.
Kvam, E.K., 2023. Knowledge development in the teaching profession: an interview study of collective knowledge processes in primary schools in Norway. Professional Development in Education, 49(3), pp.429–441. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/19415257.2021.1876146.
Lauglo, J., 1995. Forms of Decentralisation and Their Implications for Education. Comparative Education, 31(1), pp.5–28. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/03050069529182.
Lyimo, J., 2019. UWAJIBIKAJI: Madiwani, DED wavurugana. Mwananchi. Available from: https://web.archive.org/web/20190421142436/https://www.mwananchi.co.tz/habari/Kitaifa/UWAJIBIKAJI--Madiwani--DED-wavurugana/1597296-5080108-avb386z/index.html.
Maier-Gutheil, C. and Hof, C., 2011. The development of the professionalism of adult educators: a biographical and learning perspective. European Journal for Research on the Education and Learning of Adults, 2(1), pp.75–88. Available from: https://doi.org/10.25656/01:4166.
Matete, R.E., 2021. Teaching profession and educational accountability in Tanzania. Heliyon, 7(7), p.e07611. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07611.
Mbeya City Council, 2011. Quarterly Report on PEDP Performance (2010–2011). Mbeya City: MCC.
Mbeya City Council, 2012. Quarterly Report on PEDP Performance (2011–2012). Mbeya City: MCC.
Mbeya Regional Education Office, 2012. Mbeya REO PSLE Examination Report 2012. Mbeya, Tanzania: Mbeya Regional Education Office.
Mbiti, I.M., 2016. The Need for Accountability in Education in Developing Countries. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 30(3), pp.109–132. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.30.3.109.
McGinn, N. and Welsh, T., 1999. Decentralization of education: why, when, what and how?, Fundamentals of Educational Planning, vol. 64. Paris: UNESCO. Available from: https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000120275.
Namamba, A. and Rao, C., 2017. Preparation and Professional Development of Teacher Educators in Tanzania: Current Practices and Prospects. Journal of Education and Practice, 8(8), pp.136–145. Available from: https://iiste.org/Journals/index.php/JEP/article/view/36043.
Ndyali, L., 2016. Higher Education System and Jobless Graduates in Tanzania. Journal of Education and Practice, 7(4), pp.116–121. Available from: https://www.iiste.org/Journals/index.php/JEP/article/view/28755.
Neave, G., 1987. Accountability in Education. In: G. Psacharopoulos, ed. Economics of Education. Oxford: Pergamon, pp.70–79. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-033379-3.50019-X.
OECD, 2018. The Future of Education and Skills: Education 2030. Paris: OECD. Available from: https://www.oecd.org/content/dam/oecd/en/publications/reports/2018/06/the-future-of-education-and-skills_5424dd26/54ac7020-en.pdf.
OECD, 2022. Education at a Glance 2022: OECD Indicators. Paris: OECD Publishing. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1787/3197152b-en.
OECD, 2023. PISA 2022 Results, vol. II: Learning During – and From – Disruption. Paris: PISA, OECD Publishing. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1787/a97db61c-en.
O’Reilly, V., McMahon, M. and Parker, P., 2020. Career development: Profession or not? Australian Journal of Career Development, 29(2), pp.79–86. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/1038416219898548.
Porcupile, D.W., 2015. What is PROFESSIONALISM? What does Professionalism mean to you? Available from: https://bpb-us-e2.wpmucdn.com/wordpress.auburn.edu/dist/1/170/files/2016/08/What-is-PROFESSIONALISM.pdf.
Raiker, A., 2020. Praxis, Pedagogy and Teachers’ Professionalism in England. Center for Educational Policy Studies Journal, 10(3), pp.11–30. Available from: https://doi.org/10.26529/cepsj.874.
Ranson, S., 2003. Public accountability in the age of neo-liberal governance. Journal of Education Policy, 18(5), pp.459–480. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/0268093032000124848.
Restless Development, 2015. Accountability in Action: A Practical Guide for Young People Tracking the Sustainable Development Goals. Available from: https://restlessdevelopment.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Accountability-in-Action.pdf.
Shock as Tanzania teachers caned: The Tanzania Teachers’ Union is taking legal action after 19 primary school teachers were given the cane, 2009. BBC News. Available from: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7888158.stm.
Sockett, H., 1985. Towards a Professional Code in Teaching. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association (Chicago, IL, March 31-April 4, 1985). Available from: https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED261454.
Soliyev, I.S. and Qodirova, T.A.q., 2021. Professionalism as a Factor in the Development of the Pedagogical Activity of the Future Teacher. Journal of Ethics and Diversity in International Communication, 1(7), pp.76–81. Available from: https://oajournals.net/index.php/jedic/article/view/874.
Stevenson, H., 2023. Professional learning and development: fit for purpose in an age of crises? Professional Development in Education, 49(3), pp.399–401. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/19415257.2023.2207332.
Stewart, V., 2018. How Teachers Around the World Learn. ASCD, 76(3). Available from: https://www.ascd.org/el/articles/how-teachers-around-the-world-learn.
Stigler, J. and Hiebert, J., 1997. Understanding and Improving Classroom Mathematics Instruction: An Overview of the TIMSS Video Study. Phi Delta Kappan, 79(1), pp.14–21.
Tatto, M.T., 2021. Professionalism in teaching and the role of teacher education. European Journal of Teacher Education, 44(1), pp.20–44. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/02619768.2020.1849130.
The United Republic of Tanzania, 1995. Education and Training Policy. Dar es Salaam: MoEC. Available from: https://web.archive.org/web/20170712191936/https://wbgfiles.worldbank.org/documents/hdn/ed/saber/supporting_doc/AFR/Tanzania/EPS/Education_and_Training_Policy-Tanzania_1995.pdf.
The United Republic of Tanzania, 2006. Primary Education Development Programme II (2007-2011). (Education and Training Sector Development Programme (ESDP)). MoEVT, Basic Education Development Committee (BEDc). Available from: https://www.policyvault.africa/policy/primary-education-development-programme-ii-2007-2011/.
The United Republic of Tanzania, 2011. School Inspection Training Manual. Final Draft. Dar es Salaam: MoEVT.
Tweve, J.T., 2015. An overview of teacher professionalism and information ethics. In: A.M. Bwire, M.S. Nyagisere, J.O. Masingila and H.O. Ayot, eds. Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Education. Nairobi, Kenya: Kenyatta University, pp.481–488. Available from: http://41.89.229.23/bitstream/handle/123456789/809/Opportunities_and_Challenges_Integration.pdf?sequence=4&isAllowed=y#page=483.
UNESCO, 2017. Accountability in education: Meeting Our commitments. (Global Education Monitoring Report, 2017/8). Paris: UNESCO. Statistical tables. Available from: https://gem-report-2017.unesco.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/2017-GEM-Report-Statistical-Tables.pdf.
Villegas-Reimers, E., 2003. Teacher professional development: an international review of the literature. Paris: UNESCO: International Institute for Educational Planning. Available from: https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000133010.
West, A. and Pennell, H., 2000. Publishing School Examination Results in England: Incentives and consequences. Educational Studies, 26(4), pp.423–436. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/03055690020003629.

Downloads
Submitted
Published
Data Availability Statement
The data are unavailable as the University of Oslo does not publish Ph.D. dissertations online.
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Rose Ephraim Matete

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
Accepted 2025-03-24
Published 2025-04-07